موقف الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية من الانتخابات البرلمانية الإيطالية أبريل 1948

إبراهيم الألفى, أحمد

doi:10.21608/jlt.2020.141410

موقف الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية من الانتخابات البرلمانية الإيطالية أبريل 1948

نوع المستند : المقالة الأصلية

المؤلف

أحمد إبراهيم الألفى

کلية التربية – جامعة دمنهور – مصر .

10.21608/jlt.2020.141410

المستخلص

يتناول هذا البحث موقف الولايات المتحدة فى مواجهة المد الشيوعى فى سنوات ما بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية فى إيطاليا، فقد بدأت الأحزاب اليسارية تتزايد قوتها فى إيطاليا، وتهدد بالسيطرة على الحکم. ولذلک حددت الولايات المتحدة أهدافها بأن لا تسمح بسقوط إيطاليا تحت السيطرة الشيوعية، لأن هذا يهدد المصالح الأمريکية فى أوربا والمنطقة بصورة عامة. وبدأت الولايات المتحدة تضع محاور سياستها فى إيطاليا لمنع أحزاب الجبهة الشعبية (الحزب الشيوعى الإيطالى والحزب الاشتراکى الإيطالى) من السيطرة على البرلمان فى انتخابات أبريل 1948، ومن ثم السيطرة على الحکومة. ولهذا بدأت الولايات المتحدة فى تقديم الدعم لحکومة الحزب المسيحى الديمقراطى برئاسة دى جاسبرى De Gasperi والأحزاب السياسية المناهضة للشيوعية، وتمثل هذا الدعم فى المساعدات العسکرية للقوات المسلحة الإيطالية حتى تصبح قادرة على التصدي لأى محاولة شيوعية للسيطرة على الحکم بالقوة. وکذلک کانت أهم مجالات الدعم للحکومة الإيطالية هى المساعدات الاقتصادية خاصة فى ظل ما کانت تعانيه إيطاليا خلال تلک الفترة من مصاعب اقتصادية، فقدمت الولايات المتحدة القروض والمساعدات الغذائية والتسهيلات للحکومة الإيطالية، خاصة خلال فترة الانتخابات. وفى نفس الوقت کان مجلس الأمن القومى الأمريکى يعد الخطط لمواجهة أى محاولة شيوعية لليسطرة على الحکم فى إيطاليا، قبل الانتخابات أو بعدها. بل وضع الخطط فى حالة مشارکة الحزب الشيوعيى فى الحکومة الإيطالية، أو الهيمنة الشيوعية على الحکومة بالوسائل القانونية. فى نفس الفترة عملت الولايات المتحدة على ضمان مساندة فرنسا والمملکة المتحدة لسياستها فى إيطاليا، ودعمهم للحکومة الإيطالية. وشنت الولايات المتحدة حملة دعائية مناهضة للشيوعية، من خلال تشجيع الکنيسة الکاثوليکية على مهاجمة أحزاب الجبهة الشعبية خلال الانتخابات. بل شجعت حملة "رسائل من أمريکا" التى کان يتم من خلالها إرسال الرسائل من الأمريکيين من أصول إيطالية لأقاربهم وأصدقائهم فى إيطاليا لحثهم على التصويت للأحزاب المناهضة للشيوعية. وحاول الحزب الشيوعى ومن ورائه الاتحاد السوفيتى مواجهة التحرکات الأمريکية، ولکن نتائج الانتخابات جاءت فى صالح الأحزاب المناهضة للشيوعية، مما شکل نجاح لسياسة التدخل الأمريکى لمنع المد الشيوعى فى غرب أوربا.
U.S. Position on the Italian Parliamentary Elections of
April 1948
Ahmed Abd El Sayed Ibrahim El Alfy
Department of Social Sciences – Faculty of Education – Damanhour University – Egypt.
Email: D_a_abdelsyed@edu.dmu.edu.eg
Abstract: The present research investigates the U.S. position in confronting the communist extension in the post-World War II years in Italy, as leftist parties have begun to grow stronger in Italy, threatening to take over complete control of the government. The United States, therefore, set its goals not to allow Italy to fall under communist control, because this threatens American interests in Europe and the region in general. The United States started to set the axes of its policy in Italy to prevent the parties of the Popular Front (Italian Communist Party and Italian Socialist Party) from controlling the parliament in April 1948 elections, and then controlling the government. This is why the United States began to provide support to the Christian Democratic Party government, headed by De Gasperi and the main anti-communist parties. This support was represented in the military aid of the Italian armed forces in order for resisting any communist attempt to control the government by force. Similarly, the most important areas of support for the Italian government were economic assistance, especially in the light of the economic difficulties that Italy was suffering during that period. Hence, the United States provided loans, food aid and facilities to the Italian government, particularly during the election period. At the same time, the US National Security Council was preparing plans to face any communist attempt to control the rule in Italy, before elections or after elections. Additionally, plans are made in case the Communist Party participates in the Italian government or communist domination over the government by legal means. In the same period, the US ensured that France and the United Kingdom supported its policy in Italy, and supported the Italian government. The United States launched an anti-communist propaganda campaign, by urging the Catholic Church to attack the Popular Front parties during the elections. It also encouraged a campaign of “Messages from America,” through which messages from Italian-Americans were sent to their relatives and friends in Italy to urge them to vote for the anti-communist parties. The Communist Party and the Soviet Union tried to counter the American moves, but the election results came in favor of anti-communist parties, which represented a success for the US policy of intervention to prevent the communist extension in Western Europe.

الكلمات الرئيسية

المراجع

المصادر والمراجع:

أولاً: الوثائق المنشورة:

ý مجموعة وزارة الخارجية الأمريکية Foreign Relation of United States (FRUS):

- The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Italy, Washington, May 1, 1947, No. 865.248/4-2147, FRUS, 1947.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, May 3, 1947, No.865.00/5-347, FRUS, 1947.

- Memorandum of Conversation, by the Appointed Ambassador to Italy (Dunn), Washington, January 6, 1947, No. 865.50/1–647, FRUS, 1947.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, May 7, 1947, No. 865.51/5–747, FRUS, 1947.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, May 7, 1947- midnight, No. 865.51/5–747, FRUS, 1947.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, May 28, 1947- 8 p.m., No. 865.00/5-2847, FRUS, 1947.

- Memorandum by the Director of the Office of Financial and Development Policy (Ness) to the Secretary of State, Washington, June 3, 1947, No. FW 865.00/5-2847, FRUS, 1947.

- Memorandum of Conversation, by the Director of the Office of European Affairs (Matthews), Washington, June 3, 1947, No.865.51/6-447, FRUS, 1947.

- The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Italy, Washington, June 6, 1947, No. 865.00/6-647, FRUS, 1947.

- Memorandum of Conversation, by the Director of the Office of European Affairs (Matthews), Washington, July 9, 1947, No. 840.50 Recovery/7-647, FRUS, 1947.

- Memorandum by the Acting Director of the Office of European Affairs (Reber) to the Acting Secretary of State, Washington, November 28, 1947, No. 865.00/11-2847, FRUS, 1947.

- Report by the National Security Council, Washington, November 14, 1947, NSC 1/1, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, December 17, 1947- 4 p.m., No. 865.5045/12-1747, FRUS, 1948.

- Report by the National Security Council, Washington, February 10, 1948, NSC 1/2, FRUS, 1948.

- The Acting Secretary of State to the Secretary of the Army (Royall), Washington, November 28, 1947, 740.00119 Control (Italy)/11–2847, FRUS, 1948.

- The Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in Italy, Washington, November 29, 1947 -2 p.m., No. 811.2365/11–2847, FRUS, 1948.

- The Secretary of the Air Force (Symington) to the Secretary of State, Washington, December 3, 1947, No. 811.2365/12–347, FRUS, 1948.

- The Military Attaché in Italy (Willems) to the Intelligence Division, Office of the Chief of Staff, United States Army, Rome, December 9, 1947, No. 811.2365/12–947, FRUS, 1948.

- Memorandum by the Deputy Director of the Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs (Satterthwaite) to the Deputy Director of the Office of European Affairs (Reber), Washington, December 5, 1947, No. 811.2365/12–247, FRUS, 1948.

- The Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in Italy, Washington, December 5, 1947, No. 865.24/10–947, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, December 5, 1947, No. 811.2365/12–547, FRUS, 1948.

- The Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in Italy, Washington, December 9, 1947, No. 811.2365/12–547, FRUS, 1948.

- Memorandum by the Secretary of Defense (Forrestal) to the Secretary of State, Washington, December 11, 1947, No. 865.24/12–1147, FRUS, 1948.

- Memorandum by the Director, Plans and Operations, General Staff, U.S. Army (Norstad) to the Secretary of State, Washington, December 13, 1947, No. 865.24/12–1347, FRUS, 1948.

- Memorandum by the Acting Director of the Office of European Affairs (Reber) to the Acting Secretary of State, Washington, December 16, 1947, No. FW 865.24/12–1347, FRUS, 1948; Report by the State–Army–Navy–Air Force Coordinating Subcommittee, Washington, January 16, 1948, No. SWNCC Files, Lot 52M45, SANACC390, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, December 27, 1947, No. 865.20/12–2747, FRUS, 1948.

- Memorandum by the Executive Secretary, National Security Council (Souers) to President Truman, Washington, February 12, 1948, No. S/S–NSC Files, Lot 63D351, NSC, FRUS, 1948.

- President Truman to the Secretary of Defense (Forrestal), Washington, March 10, 1948, No. 865.24/3–148, FRUS, 1948.

- The Secretary of the Army (Royall) to the Secretary of State, Washington, March 10, 1948, No. 865.24/3–148, FRUS, 1948.

- Memorandum by the Joint Chiefs of Staff for the Secretary of Defense (Forrestal), Washington, March 10, 1948, No. S/S–NSC Files, Lot 63D351, NSC, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, March 12, 1948, No. 865.24/3–1248, FRUS, 1948.

- The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Italy, Washington, March 12, 1948, No. 865.24/3–1248, FRUS, 1948.

- The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Italy, Washington, March 13, 1948, No. 865.24/3–1348, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, March 18, 1948, No. 865.24/3–1848, FRUS, 1948.

- Report by the National Security Council, Washington, November 14, 1947, No. NSC 1/1, FRUS, 1948.

- The Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in Italy, Washington, December 6, 1947, No. 800.4S FRP/12–647, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, December 9, 1947, No. 800.48 FRP/12–947, FRUS, 1948.

- The Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in Italy, December 30, 1947, No. 800.48 FAA/12–3047, FRUS, 1948.

- The Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in Italy, Washington, December 1, 1947, No. 800.48 FRP/11–2447, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, February 7, 1948, No. 865.00/2–748, FRUS, 1948.

- Memorandum of Conversation, by the Assistant Secretary for Economic Affairs (Thorp), Washington, April 7, 1948, No. 865.5018/4–748, FRUS, 1948.

- The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Italy, Washington, February 4, 1948, No. 800.48 FAA/12–3147, FRUS, 1948.

- Report by the National Security Council, Washington, March 8, 1948, No. S/S–NSC Files, Lot 63D351, NSC 1, FRUS, 1948.

- The Director of the Policy Planning Staff (Kennan) to the Secretary of State, Manila, March 15, 1948, No. 761.00/3–1548, FRUS, 1948.

- Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State, Washington, March 15, 1948, No. 840.50 Recovery/3–1548, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, March 16, 1948, No. 840.50 Recovery/3–1648, FRUS, 1948.

- The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Italy, Washington, March 24, 1948, No. 865.00/3–1848, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, January 29, 1948, No. 365.1115/1–2948, FRUS, 1948.

- The Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in Italy, Washington, April 16, 1948, No. 365.1115/3–2548, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, March 31, 1948, No. 365.1115/3–3148, FRUS, 1948.

- The Secretary of State to the Embassy in London, Washington, March 2, 1948, No. 865.00/2–2548, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in France (Caffery) to the Secretary of State, Paris, March 3, 1948, No. 865.00/3–348, FRUS, 1948.

- Memorandum of Conversation, by the Assistant Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Armour), Washington, February 18, 1948, No. 865.00/2–1848, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Great Britain (Douglas) to the Secretary of State, London, March 6, 1948, No. 865.00/3–648, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, March 17, 1948, No. 865.00/3–1748, FRUS, 1948.

- Mr. J. Graham Parsons, Assistant to the Personal Representative of President Truman to Pope Pius XII, to the Secretary of State, Washington, December 11, 1947, No. 865.00/12–1147, FRUS, 1948.

- The Chargé in Italy (Byington) to the Secretary of State, January 28, 1948, No. 811.911/1–2848, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, March 5, 1948, No. 811.911/3–548, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, June 16, 1948, No. 865.00/6–1648, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, January 12, 1948, No. 865.00/1–1248, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, January 21, 1948, No. 865.00/1–2148, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, March 10, 1948, No. 865.00/3–1048, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, March 20, 1948, No. 711.00/3–2048, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, March 22, 1948, No. 865.00/3–2248, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, Rome, April 7, 1948, No. 865.00/4–748, FRUS, 1948.

- The Ambassador in Italy (Dunn) to the Secretary of State, April 8, 1948, No. 840.50 Recovery/4–848, FRUS, 1948.

- Memorandum of Conversation, by the Director of the Office of European Affairs (Hickerson), Washington, April 27, 1948, No. 865.00/4–2748, FRUS, 1948.

ý مجموعة وثائق وکالة المخابرات المرکزية (CIA):

- National Intelligence Council (NIC) Collection, January 1, 1948, No. (FOIA) / ESDN (CREST): 0000008669, CIA.

- Consequences of Communist Accession to Power in Italy by Legal Means, February 5, 1948, No. (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 0000258367, CIA.

- Italy: Pope Concerned Overcoming Elections, January 4, 1948, No. FOIA/ESDN (CREST): 001380846, CIA.

- Italy: Possible Soviet Moves to Influence Elections, No. (FOIA) / ESDN (CREST): 0001380853, March 1, 1948, CIA.