الصراع الدولى على القطب الشمالى خلال الحرب الباردة 1946 – 1991

المصادر والمراجع

أولاً: الوثائق المنشورة:

. مجموعة وثائق الخارجية الأمريكية (Foreign Relation of United States (FRUS

• The Ambassador in Russia (Francis) to the Secretary of State, December 2, 1916 ,Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1923,No. v01/d166, frus1923.       
• Department of State Policy and Information Statement, Washington, January 27, 1947, No.v01/d529, frus1947.
• Memorandum by the Chief of the Division of Russian Affairs, Department of State (Poole), Washington, March 30, 1922, No 861.0144/49 , frus,1923.
• The Acting Secretary of State to the Danish Minister (Kauffmann), Washington, July 27, 1945, No. v04/d571, frus1945.                                 
• Department of State Policy and Information Statement, Washington, January 27, 1947,No. v01/d529,                                                  
• The Ambassador in Canada (Atherton) to the Secretary of State, Ottawa, August 28, 1946, No. v05/d33, frus1946.
• Memorandum of Canadian-United States Defense Conversations Held in Ottawa in Suite “E” Chateau Laurier Hotel, Ottawa, December 16 and 17, 1946,No. v05/d41, frus1946.                                                                 
• Memorandum by the Secretary of State to President Truman, Washington, June 5, 1947, No. v03/d68, frus1947.                                   
• The Ambassador in the United Kingdom (Douglas) to the Secretary of State, London , June 11, 1947, No. v01/d290, frus1947.
• Department of State Policy Statement, Washington, July 1, 1951, No.v06p2/d493, frus1951.
• Memorandum by the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Lay) to the President, Truman Library, Truman papers, PSF–-- -Subject file, Washington, November 5, 1952, No. 54v02p1/d32, frus1952.
• The Under Secretary of State (Smith) to the Chairman of the Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy (Cole), Washington, March 19, 1954, No. 54v06p2/d985, frus1952.
• Report by the Canada–United States Military Study Group, Washington, June 3, 1954, No. 54v06p2/d992, frus1952.
• Informal Record of a Meeting, Secretary Dulles’ Office, Department of State, Washington, May 24, 1957, No. 57v20/d204. frus1955.
• Memorandum of a Conference, White House, Washington, May 25, 1957, No. 57v20/d206, frus1955.
• Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in France, Washington, May 26, 1957, No. 57v20/d208, frus1955.
• Letter From the President’s Special Assistant (Stassen) to the Secretary of Defense (Wilson), Washington, May 18, 1957. No. 57v20/d199, frus1955.
• Memorandum of a Conversation, Department of State, Washington, October 5, 1957, No. 57v20/d302, frus1955.
• Telegram From the Secretary of State to the Embassy in the Federal Republic of Germany, London, July 31, 1957, No. 57v20/d269, frus1955.
• Memorandum From Lay to the NSC Washington, December 26, 1957,No. 60v03mSupp/d287, frus1958.
• Record of Telephone Conversation Between Lodge and John Foster Dulles, April 20, 1958, No. 60v03mSupp/d315, frus1958.
• Record of Telephone Conversation Between Lodge and John Foster Dulles, April 23, 1958, No. 60v03mSupp/d316, frus1958 .
• Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, Volume X, Part 1, Editorial Note,No43.
• Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, Volume X, Part 1, Editorial Note, No44.
• Telegram 1283 from USUN, New York, May 8, 1958, 60v03mSupp/d326, frus1958.
• Memorandum of Conversation, Reply to Khrushchev letter of May 9 on Technical Talks, Washington, May 15, 1958,No. 60v03mSupp/d328, frus1958.
• Memorandum of Conversation, The Secretary’s Talks with the French Foreign Minister, Paris, July 5 - East-West Relations, Paris, July 5, 1958, No. 60v07p2/d36, frus1958.
• Memorandum of Conversation, The Secretary’s Talks with General de Gaulle, Paris, July 9, 1958, No. 60v07p2/d39, frus1958.
• Circular Instruction From the Department of State to Certain Diplomatic Missions, Washington, July 28, 1958,No. 60v02/d20, frus1958.
• National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 11–61, Washington, April 6, 1961, No. 63v07/d13, frus1961.
• National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 11–61, Washington, April 6, 1961, No. 63v07/d13, frus1961.
• National Intelligence Estimate, Washington, July 6, 1962, No. 63v08/d96, frus1961.
• National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 11–4–63, Washington, March 22, 1963, No 63v05/d326, frus1961.
• Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, Washington, undated, No. 76v41/d100, frus1969.
• Transcript of a Telephone Conversation Between President Nixon and the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson), Washington, March 17, 1970, No. 76v41/d101, frus1969.
• Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, Washington, April 7, 1970, No. 76v41/d100. frus1969.
• Memorandum of Conversation, Beijing, October 23, 1971,No. 76ve13/d48, frus1969.
• Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, March 3, 1972, No.76ve01/d318 , frus1969.
• Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, Washington, March 10, 1972, No. 76v36/d116, frus1969.
• Memorandum From the Under Secretary of the Interior (Whitaker) to President Nixon, Washington, March 24, 1972, No. 76v36/d120, frus1969.
• Minutes of the Secretary of State’s Staff Meeting, Washington, October 24, 1973, No. 76v36/d226, frus1969.
• Summary of Conclusions of a Meeting of the Special Coordination Committee Washington, March 6, 1978, No. 76v33/d194, frus1969.
• Memorandum of Conversation, Moscow, May 31, 1988, No.88v06/d161, frus1981.
• Paper Prepared in the Executive Secretariat, Department of Stat, Washington, undated, No. 88v01/d161, frus1981.

. وثائق الأمم المتحدة

• United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, Copyright © United Nations, 2008. All rights reserved un.org/law/avl
• United Nations, Security Council, S/, 995, 28 April 1958.
• United Nations, Security Council, 6 October 1987, A_42_621_S_19180-EN.

ثانيا : الرسائل الجامعية:

• Anna V. Fravel, B.S, The Morality of Exploring the Unknown: Ethics of U.S. Involvement in the Arctic, the degree of Master of Arts, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, (Georgetown University, Washington, 2013).
• Chad Lukens, Cooperation and Confrontation in the Post-Cold War North: An International Relations Approach to Arctic Security, B.A., (Winona State University, 1999).
• Daniel Akikie, NATO and the Arctic: Theorizing NATO's Twenty First Century Problem, the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts, (Harvard University, 2022).
• Ian Birdwell, Hyperborean Habits and Melting Ice: The Normalization of Arctic Space and Resurgent National Identity, Master of Arts, (the University of Old Dominion2019).
• Kerstin A. Schley, Germany's interests in the Arctic, Master In Arctic and Northern Studies,( University of Alaska Fairbanks May 2019)
• Magdalena Nowak, The Hot Struggle Over the Cold Waters: The Strategic Position of the Arctic Region During and After the Cold War, Master of Arts in History, the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, (West Virginia University 2014).
• Michael Gregory, Arctic Security: The Race for the Arctic Through the Prism of International Relations Theory, Master of Science in Political Science,( Portland State University 2019).
• Rebecca Babauta, B.A., Feasible or Frozen? a United States grand strategy for the Arctic region, the Degree of Master of Arts, (the Graduate Faculty of The University of Texas at San Antonio,2023).
• Sarah E. Nuernberger, The Arctic Game, the Degree Master of Arts, the Faculty of the Josef Korbel School of International Studies, (University of Denver,2012).
• Veera Pauliina Suvanto, Geopolitics of the Arctic: Challenges and Prospects, Report of the Master in International Studies, (University of Barcelona, 2015-2016).

ثالثاً : المؤلفات والدراسات :

المؤلفات والدراسات العربية:

• السيد أمين شلبى ، من الحرب الباردة إلى البحث عن نظام دولى جديد ،
  ( القاهرة ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، 2005)
• بيار ميكال، تاريخ العالم المعاصر 1945 – 1991 ، ترجمة ـ يوسف ضومط، ( بيروت ، دار الجيل ، ط1، 1993 )
• حسين شريف ، الولايات المتحدة من الاستقلال والعزلة إلى سيادة العالم 1783 – 2001 ، ج3 ، ( القاهرة ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ،2001)
• روبرت مكنمارا ، ما بعد الحرب الباردة ، ترجمة : محمد حسين يونس
  ( عمان، 1991 )
• رياض الصمد ، العلاقات الدولية فى القرن العشرين، (بيروت ،المؤسسة الجامعية للدراسات والنشر، 1983)
• على عودة العقابى ، العلاقات الدولية (دراسة تحليلية فى الأصول والنشأة والتاريخ والنظريات ) ، (دار الرواد – بغداد، 2010 )

المؤلفات والدراسات الأجنبية

• Andrew Richter, Avoiding Armageddon: Canadian Military Strategy and Nuclear Weapons, 1950-1963,(Toronto, UBC Press,2002)
• Annika E Nilsson and Miyase Christensen, Arctic Geopolitics, Media and Power, (New York, Routledge, 2019)
• Charles Emmerson, The Future History of the Arctic Kindle Edition, (Public Affairs, 2010)
• Douglas Hoare, Arctic exploration, E, P, Dutton & Co, (New York, 1906)
• Jim Townsend and Andrea Taylor, Back to the future: the Origins of Great – power Competition in the Arctic, (Center of a New American Security 2021)
• Martin Kitchen, A history of modern Germany 1800-2000, Blackwell ,(UK,2006)
• Richard Sale, Eugene Potapov, The Scrambble for the Arctic: Ownership, Exploration and Conflict in the Far North, (London: Frances Lincoln Limites Publishers, 2009)
• Shelagh Dawn Grant, Polar Imperative: A History of Arctic Sovereignty in North America, (Canada, Douglas & McIntyre, 2010).

رابعا : الأبحاث :

. الأبحاث العربية

• إنجى محمد مهدى ، التنافس الدولى فى القطب الشمالى: دراسة حول الاستراتيجية الروسية فى المنطقة، مجلة كلية الاقتصاد والعلوم السياسية بجامعة القاهرة، ع 2 ، مج 24 ، أبريل 2023
• حسنى عبد المعز حافظ ، مع ذوبان الجليد صراع بارد بين القوى الكبرى فى القطب الشمالى ، شئون عربية ، العدد 179 ، خريف 2019 .
• صفوت سيد أحمد حسين، شراء الولايات المتحدة إقليم ألاسكا عام 1867 والآثار المترتبة عليه، مجلة كلية اللغة العربية بإيتاى البارود، ع 33 ، ج 7 ، 2020
• عمار خالد الربيعى ، سباق التسلح فى الاستراتيجية العسكرية السوفيتية: دراسة وثائقية للمفاهيم والاتجاهات الرئيسية فى سياسة الدفاع السوفيتية 1962 – 1972 ، مجلة آداب جامعة البصرة ، ع 72 ، مارس 2015
• نادية مصطفى ، القوتان الأعظم والعالم الثالث من الحرب الباردة إلى الحرب الباردة ، مجلة الفكر الاستراتيجى العربى ، ع 18 ، أكتوبر 1986

. الأبحاث الأجنبية:

• Kristine Offerdal, The 1920 Svalbard Treaty, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) (2016).
• Rob Huebert, United States Arctic Policy: The Reluctant Arctic Power, University of Calgary Publications Series, Volume 2, Issue 2, May 2009.

خامساً : الموسوعات:

• عبد الوهاب الكيالى وآخرون، موسوعة السياسة ، ج4 ، ( بيروت ، المؤسسة العربية للدراسات والنشر ، د ت)
• مجدي سيد عبد العزيز، الموسوعة الماسية، الكتاب الثانى ( دار الأمين ، القاهرة ، 1997 )

سادسا: المواقع الإلكترونية:

• https://arab-ency.com.sy/ency/details/879/2
• https://www.bbc.com/arabic/vert-cu-50855387
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Polar_Year
• https://n9.cl/64ndy
• https://n9.cl/w83eo
• https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Foster-Dulles
• https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nikita-Sergeyevich-Khrushchev
• https://arabic.cnn.com/travel/article/2021/03/24/cold-war-project-uncovers-plants-greenland-ice
• https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy
• https://www.bbc.com/arabic/world-54500590
• https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Gorbachev